Where these come from
The IRS matches your return against the forms filed about you by employers, banks, brokers, and payment processors. When something does not line up, the system generates a proposed change automatically. No person has reviewed your circumstances at that point.
That is why so many are wrong. Securities sales are a classic case, where the notice counts the whole proceeds as income because the cost basis was never reported to the IRS. Duplicate reporting, income belonging to someone else, and amounts already reported on a different line are all common.

